téines engendre quant à elle des effets plus faibles sur l’ingestion et après une période d’exposition plus longue. Pour adapter leur ingestion, les poulets apprennent à reconnaître les aliments, en associant les caractéristiques sensorielles aux effets post-ingestifs perçus. Ces sensorialités, et notamment celles faisant intervenir la vision et le toucher, ne sont pas encore bien évaluées et nécessitent des investigations supplémentaires.
" name="DC.description" /><meta content="Sequential feeding (SF) is a cyclic feeding program with two diets for one or several days which can partially recreate the conditions of a more varied diet. The aim of this present study was to understand better how the chicken in SF adapts feed intake, depending on the time, and energy and
protein contents. Four experiments were conducted with male broiler chickens. SF was carried out during 48h-cycles with pairs of diets varying in energy (2800 (E-) and 3200 kcal / kg (E +)) and / or protein contents (230 (P +) and 150 g / kg (P-)). SF schedules were compared to C diet (3000 kcal / kg
and 190 g / kg crude protein). The 1st experience indicates that the chicken does not adapt its consumption to the energy content over 24 h since it eats more of the concentrated diet, and it is very slow to adjust its feed intake
to protein content (more than one week). The age at which SF (D10 and D18) was introduced did not affect these reactions. The two following experiments aimed at evaluate if feed intake reactions depend on feed preferences. Experimented chickens showed a clear preference for the energy-rich diet compared to naïve chickens, which preferred the energy-poor diet. However, preferences for protein seemed to be not very clear. Interactions between the nutritional properties and sensorial cues of feed could explain these results. We observed that, even if the chicken expressed a preference for the harder pellets, the feed recognition of energy content was not related to this characteristic. The modern chicken quickly develops a preference for energy, which is not spontaneous but
acquired over successive exposures. This preference drives feed intake from one day to another, resulting in a balance due to the symmetry of the inputs. The variation of protein content leads to lower effects on feed intake and this after a longer exposure. To adapt their feed intake chickens learn
to recognize feed, by associating sensory characteristics to post-ingestive effects. These cues, which involve visual and tactile elements, are still difficult to evaluate accurately and require further investigation." name="DC.description" /><meta content="Introduction	10
Chapitre 1 : Etude bibliographique - Par quoi est déterminée l’ingestion ?	15
A. Le rythme d’ingestion chez les volailles	17
B. Des signaux sensoriels immédiats (minute)	17
1- La vision	19
2- L’olfaction	20
3- Le toucher	21
4- Le goût	22
C. Des signaux intervenant à court terme (moins d’une heure)	23
1-	Signaux mécaniques et chimiques	23
2-	Signaux de satiété	24
D. Des signaux neuroendocriniens et métaboliques intervenant à long terme	26
	1- Au niveau central	26
	2- Connexion entre le foie, le tissu adipeux et le cerveau	28
	3- Influence des nutriments	29
3-1- Les différents macronutriments	29
3-2- Aliment riches ou pauvres en protéines	30
3-3- Détection d’une carence sévère en acides aminés	31
E. Les apprentissages alimentaires	32
1- La mémoire	32
2- Nature des apprentissages	34
2-1- Apprentissages visuels, tactiles et olfacto-gustatifs	34
2-2- Apprentissages aversifs et appétitifs liés aux conséquences post-ingestives	35
2-3- Le poulet a-t-il une représentation mentale de l’aliment ?	37
F. La prise alimentaire : conséquences selon les modes d’alimentation	38
1- Les différents modes d’alimentation	38
2- Impact de la temporalité des apports : l’alimentation séquentielle	39
 2-1 Les premières expériences d’alimentation séquentielle	39
 2-2 Les expériences plus récentes	39
Conclusion générale de l’étude bibliographique	43
	
Chapitre 2 : Présentation des expériences et des résultats	44
Rappel des objectifs	45
Les programmes alimentaires	45
Mesures des caractéristiques physiques des aliments	46
Mesures de consommation réalisées sur les animaux 	47
Descriptif des publications	48
	
Publication 1. Distribution séquentielle d’aliments variant en protéines et en énergie sur des cycles de 48h : adaptation du poulet à différents âges	50
	
A. Objectifs et mesures	51
B. Publication 1	53
C. Résultats 	61
1- Ajustement de l’ingestion en fonction des apports énergétique et protéique	61
2- Capacité du poulet à supporter des aliments déséquilibrés en énergie et protéines	63
D. Conclusions	64
	
Publication 2. : Effets des teneurs en énergie et protéines d’aliments lors d’une distribution par séquence, sur les préférences alimentaires du poulet de chair	65
	
A. Objectifs et mesures	66
B. Publication 2	68
C- Résultats 	77
1- Ajustement de l’ingestion en fonction des apports	77
2- Des préférences alimentaires ?	78
D. Conclusions	79
	
Publication 3. : La composition de l’aliment et sa dureté interagissent dans l’établissement de la préférence et l’ingestion chez le poulet	80
	
A. Objectifs et mesures	81
B- Publication 3	83
C- Résultats	91
1- En situation d’alimentation séquentielle	91
2- En situation de choix	91
D. Conclusions	92
	
Chapitre 3 : Discussion	93
A- Observer les régulations à différents pas de temps	94
1- La réaction à court terme (h)	95
a) La teneur énergétique de l’aliment influence le choix à court terme	95
b) La teneur en protéines modifie peu le choix à court terme	96
c) L’énergie et les protéines influencent indépendamment l’ingestion 	96
2- La réaction à moyen terme (jour) et à long terme (semaine)	97
a)	Une forte attirance pour l’énergie	98
b) Protéines : une faible adaptation de l’ingestion 	98
c) Energie et protéines interviennent indépendamment	99
B- Les poulets apprennent-ils à préférer certains aliments ?	100
1- Effet de l’expérience - apprentissage	100
a) Variation de l’énergie	100
b) Variation de la teneur en protéines	102
c) Un apprentissage renforcé avec l’énergie et la protéine	103
2- La facilitation sociale exacerberait les réactions	104
C- Les sensorialités de l’aliment explorées et à explorer	106
	
Conclusion générale et perspectives	108
Références bibliographiques	113" name="DC.description" /><meta content="AgroParistech" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="Leterrier, Christine" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="AgroParistech" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="ED 435 AGRICULTURE, ALIMENTATION, BIOLOGIE, ENVIRONNEMENTS ET SANTE" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="INRA UMR85 PRC" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="Duvaux-Ponter, Christine" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="Meunier-Salaün, Marie-Christine" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="Fromentin, Gilles" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="Bastianelli, Denis" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="Rychen, Guido" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="Leterrier, Christine" name="DC.contributor" /><meta content="2009-04-10" name="DC.date" /><meta content="PhD Thesis" name="DC.type" /><meta content="PeerReviewed" name="DC.type" /><meta content="5251/" name="DC.identifier" /><meta content="Références bibliographiques

A

Ackroff K, Lucas F and Sclafani A 2005. Flavor preference conditioning as a function of fat source. Physiology &amp; Behavior 85(4), 448-460.
Amerah AM, Ravindran V, Lentle RG and Thomas DG 2007. Influence of Feed Particle Size and Feed Form on the Performance, Energy Utilization, Digestive Tract Development, and Digesta Parameters of Broiler Starters. Poultry Science 86, 2615-2623.
Ashwell C, Czerwinski SM, Brocht DM and McMurty JP 1999. Hormonal regulation of leptin expression in broiler chickens. The American journal of physiology 276, R226-R232.
Atkinson R, Bevilaqua LRM, Rostas JAP and Huntera 2003. Discriminative taste aversion learning: A learning task for older chickens. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 79, 25-31.

B

Balog JM and Millar RI 1989. Influence of the sense of taste on broiler chick feed consumption. Poultry Science 68(11), 1519-1526.
Baumgartner D, Crépon K and Nemecek T 2007. Analyse du cycle de vie de la production d'aliments pour poulets de chair et poules pondeuses : influence du choix des matières premières. 7èmes Journées de la Recherche Avicole, Tours, mars 2007, 51-58.
Beauchamp MS 2005. See me, hear me, touch me: multisensory integration in lateral occipital-temporal cortex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15(2), 145-153.
Bensaïd A, Tomé D, L'Heureux-Bourdon D, Even P, Gietzen D, Morens C, Gaudichon C, Larue-Achagiotis C and Fromentin G 2003. A high-protein diet enhances satiety without conditioned taste aversion in the rat. Physiology &amp; Behavior 78(2), 311-320.
Berthelot V, Belzung C, Meunier-Salaun MC, Nowak R and M. P 1996. Cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist inhibits feed memory in Japanese quail. Physiology &amp; Behavior 60(2), 575-579.
Bizeray D, Leterrier C, Constantin P, Picard M and Faure JM 2002. Sequential feeding can increase activity and improve gait score in meat-type chickens. Poultry Science 81(12), 1798-1806.
Blundell JE 1991. Pharmacological approaches to appetite suppression. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 12(4), 147-157.
Böhme GA and Blanchard JC 1992. Les cholécystokinines et leurs récepteurs : aspects fonctionnels. Thérapie 47, 541-548.
Bokkers EAM and Koene P 2003. Eating behaviour, and prepandial and postprandial correlations in male broiler and layer chickens. British Poultry Science 44(4), 538-544.
Bouvarel I 2009. Variations d'ingestion chez le poulet de chair lors d'une alimentation séquentielle. Mémoire Thèse AgroParisTech, 10 avril 2009, 130 p.
Bouvarel I, Barrier-Guillot B, Larroude P, Boutten B, Leterrier C, Merlet F, Vilarino M, Roffidal L, Tesseraud S, Castaing J and Picard M 2004. Sequential feeding programs for broiler chickens: twenty-four- and forty-eight-hour cycles. Poultry Science 83(1), 49-60.
Bouvarel I, Chagneau AM, Lecuelle S, Lescoat P, Ferreira G, Duvaux-Ponter C and Leterrier C 2009a. Feed composition and hardness interact in preference and intake in chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 118: 162-168.
Bouvarel I, Chagneau AM, Lescoat P, Lessire M, Vilariño M, Crépon K, Etave G, Margetyal C and Juin H 2009b. Utilisation de nouvelles matières premières en alimentation séquentielle. 8èmes Journées de la Recherche Avicole, Saint Malo. Sous presse.
Bouvarel I, Chagneau AM, Lescoat P, Tesseraud S and Leterrier C 2008a. Forty-Eight-Hour Cycle Sequential Feeding with Diets Varying in Protein and Energy Contents: Adaptation in Broilers at Different Ages. Poultry Science 87(1), 196–203.
Bouvarel I, Chagneau AM, Vilarino M, Juin H, Lescoat P, Metayer JP, Lessire M, Crepon K, Etave G, Tesseraud S and Leterrier C 2007. Reactions of Ross chickens to sequential feeding. 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition Strasbourg (FRA), 155-158.
Bouvarel I, Vallée C, Chagneau AM, Constantin P, Lescoat P, Ferreira G and Leterrier C 2008b. Effects of various energy and protein levels during sequential feeding on feed preferences in meat-type chickens. Animal 2(11), 1674-1681.
Bregendahl K, Sell JL and Zimmerman DR 2002. Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 81(8), 1156-1167.
Bruley des Varannes S, Cloarec D, Dubois A and Galmiche JP 1991. Cholécystokinine et ses antagonistes : effets sur la motricité digestive. Gastroentérologie clinique et biologique 15, 744-757.
Bungo T, Shimojo M, Masuda Y, Tachibanab T, Tanaka SJ, Sugahara K, Furuse M and . 1999. Intracerebroventricular administration of mouse leptin does not reduce food intake in the chicken. Brain Research 817, 196– 198.
Burkhardt D 1982. Birds, berries and UV. A note on some consequences of UV vision in birds. Naturwissenschaften 69(4), 153-157.
Burne TH and Rogers LJ 1996. Responses to odorants by the domestic chick. Physiology &amp; Behavior 60(6), 1441-1447.
Buyse J, Adelsohn DS, Decuypere E and Scanes CG 1993. Diurnal-nocturnal changes in food intake, gut storage of ingesta, food transit time and metabolism in growing broiler chickens: a model for temporal control of energy balance. British Poultry Science 34(4), 699-709.
Buyse J, Decuypere E, Berghman L, Kühn ER and Vandesande F 1992. The effect of dietary proyein content on episodic broilers. British Poultry Science 33(5), 1101-1109.

C

Carré B 2000. Effets de la taille des particules alimentaires sur les processus digestifs chez les oiseaux d’élevage. INRA Productions Animales 13(2), 131-136.
Cassy S, Dridi S, M. P and Taouis M 20 Ingénieur Ecole Supérieure d'Agriculture d'Angers: 56p.<br /><br />Pesti GM and Fletcher DL 1984. The response of male broiler chickens to diets with various protein contents during the grower and finisher phases. British Poultry Science 25(3), 415-423.<br /><br />Phifer CB and Berthoud HR 1998. Duodenal nutrient infusions differentially affect sham feeding and Fos expression in rat brain stem. American Journal of Physiology 274(6 Pt 2), R1725-1733.<br /><br />Picard M, Faure JM, Siegel PB, Dunnington EA, Uzu G and Dalibard P 1994. Food intake and amino acids in poultry. Ed Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition, 43p.<br /><br />Picard M, Le Fur C, Melcion J-P and Bouchot C 2000. Caractéristiques granulométriques de l'aliment : le “ point de vue ” (et de toucher) des volailles. INRA Productions Animales 13, 117-130.<br /><br />Picard M, Melcion JP, Bertrand D and Faure JM 2002. Visual and tactile cues perceived by chickens. In: Poultry feedstuffs: supply, composition and nutritive value. Mc Nab and Boorman Eds, 279-298.<br /><br />Picard M, Melcion JP, Bouchot C and Faure JM 1997. Picorage et préhensibilité des particules alimentaires chez les volailles. INRA Productions Animales 10, 403-414.<br /><br />Picard M, Plouzeau M and Faure JM 1999. A behavioural approach to feeding broilers. Annales de Zootechnie 48, 233-245.<br /><br />Picard M, Turro I, Launay F, Mills AD, Meulin JM and Faure JM 1992. Food intake patterns of three week old broilers cages individually or in groups. XIX World's Poultry Congress, Amsterdam (The Netherlands) 2, 429-434.<br /><br />Picard M, Uzu G, Dunnington EA and Siegel PB 1993. Food intake adjustments of chicks: short term reactions to deficiencies in lysine, methionine and tryptophan. British Poultry Science 34(4), 737-746.<br /><br />Portella FJ, Caston LJ and Leeson S 1988. Apparent feed particle size preference by broilers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, 923-930.<br /><br />Porter RH, Hepper PG, Bouchot C and Picard M 1999. A simple method for testing odor detection and discrimination in chicks. Physiology &amp; Behavior 67(3), 459-462.<br /><br />Porter RH and Picard M 1998. Effects of early odor exposure in domestic chicks. Reproduction, nutrition, development 38(4), 441-448.<br /><br /><br /><br />Q<br /><br /><br /><br />Quentin M, Bouvarel I, Berri C, Le Bihan-Duval E, Baéza E, Jégo Y and M. P 2003. Growth, carcass composition and meat quality response to dietary concentrations in fast-, medium- and slow-growing commercial broilers. Animal Research 52, 65-77.<br /><br />Quentin M, Bouvarel I and Picard M 2004a. Short and long term effects of feed form on fast- and slow-growing broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13, 540-548.<br /><br />Quentin M 2004b. Une approche dynamique de la croissance des poulets de chair. Conception d'un modèle pratique : INAVI. Thèse ENSAR, Rennes, 26 avril 2004, 138p.<br /><br /><br /><br />R<br /><br /><br /><br />Richard P, Vilarino M, Faure JM, Leon A and Picard M 1997. Etude du comportement du poulet de chair dans un élevage tropical au Vénézuela. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays tropicaux 50(1), 65-74.<br /><br />Richards MP 2003. Genetic regulation of feed intake and energy balance in poultry. Poultry Science 82, 907-916.<br /><br />Richards MP and Proszkowiec-Weglarz M 2007. Mechanisms regulating feed intake, energy expenditure, and body weight in poultry. Poultry Science 86, 1478-1490.<br /><br />Richardson AJ 1970. The role of the crop in the feeding behaviour of the domestic chicken. Animal Behaviour 18, 633-639.<br /><br />Rogers LJ, Zucca P and Vallortigara G 2004. Advantage of having a lateralized brain. Proceedings Biological sciences / The Royal Society 271(Suppl. 6), S420–S422.<br /><br />Rogers PJ 1995. The development of the brain and behaviour in the chicken, CAB Int., Wallingford, UK95–110.<br /><br />Roper TJ and Marples NM 1997. Odour and colour as cues for taste-avoidance learning in domestic chicks. Animal Behaviour 53(6), 1241-1250.<br /><br />Rose SP 1991. How chicks make memories: the cellular cascade from c-fos to dendritic remodelling. Trends in neurosciences 14(9), 390-397.<br /><br />Rose SP 1996. Cell adhesion molecules and the transition from short- to long-term memory. Journal of physiology, Paris 90(5-6), 387-391.<br /><br />Rosebrough RW, McMurtry JP and Steele NC 1989. Protein and energy relations in the broiler chicken. British Journal Nutrition 61, 223-233.<br /><br />Rosebrough RW and Steele NC 1985. Energy and protein relationships in the broiler. 1. Effect of protein levels and feeding regimens on growth, body composition, and in vitro lipogenesis of broiler chicks Poultry Science 64(1), 119-126.<br /><br />Rys R and Koreleski J 1980. Effect of alternately fed diets with different protein level on performance of broiler chickens. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 30, 133-139.<br /><br /><br /><br />S<br /><br /><br /><br />Saito ES, Kaiya H, Tachibana T, Tomonaga S, Denbow DM, Kangawa K and Furuse M 2005. Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on food intake is mediated by the corticotropin-releasing factor system in neonatal chicks. Regulatory Peptides 125(1-3), 201-208.<br /><br />Saito ES, Kaiya H, Takagi T, Yamasaki I, Denbow DM, Kangawa K and Furuse M 2002. Chicken ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 inhibit food intake of neonatal chicks. European Journal of Pharmacology 453(1), 75-79.<br /><br />Savory CJ 1979. Feeding behaviour. In: Food intake regulation in poultry. K. N. Boorman and B. M. Freeman. Edinburgh, 277-323.<br /><br />Savory CJ 1985. An investigation into the role of the crop in control of feeding in Japanese quail and domestics fowls. Physiology &amp; Behavior 33, 937-944.<br /><br />Savory CJ 1999. Temporal control of feeding behaviour and its association with gastrointestinal function. The Journal of Experimental Zoology. 283(4-5), 339-347.<br /><br />Sclafani A 2001. Post-ingestive positive controls of ingestive behavior. Appetite 36, 79-83.<br /><br />Sharp PJ, Dunn IC, Waddington D and Boswell T 2008. Chicken leptin.General and Comparative Endocrinology 158(1), 2-4.<br /><br />Shelton JL, Dean DW, Southern LL and Bidner TD 2005. Effect of protein and energy sources and bulk density of diets on growth performance of chicks. Poultry Science 84(10), 1547-1554.<br /><br />Shires A, Thompson JR, Turner BV, Kennedy PM and Goh YK 1987. Rate of passage of corn-canola meal and corn-soybean meal diets through the gastrointestinal tract of broiler and white leghorn chickens. Poultry Science 66, 289-298.<br /><br />Siegel PB, Picard M, Nir I, Dunnington EA, Willemsen MHA and Williams PEV 1997. Responses of meat-type chickens to choice feeding of diets differing in protein and energy from hatch to market weight. Poultry Science 76(9), 1183-1192.<br /><br />Sklan D, Dukbrov D, Eisner U and Hurwitz S 1975. 51Cr-EDTA, 91Y and 141Ce as nonabsorbed reference substances in the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken. The Journal of Nutrition 105, 1549-1552.<br /><br />Smith ER and Pesti GM 1998. Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poultry Science 77(2), 276-281.<br /><br />Stubbs RJ, Prentice AM and James WP 1997. Carbohydrates and energy balance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 819, 44-69.<br /><br />Svihus B 2007. Improving nutritional value through feed technology. ESPN 2007, Strasbourg, 431-436.<br /><br />Svihus B, Kløvstada KH, Pereza V, Zimonjaa O, Sahlströmb S, Schüllerc RB, Jeksrudd WK and Prestløkkene E 2004. Physical and nutritional effects of pelleting of broiler chicken diets made from wheat ground to different coarsenesses by the use of roller mill and hammer mill. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117(3-4), 281-293.<br /><br />Swennen Q, Decuypere E and Buyse J 2007. Implications of dietary macronutrients for growth and metabolism in broiler chickens. World's Poultry Science Association Journal 63, 541-556.<br /><br />Swennen Q, Janssens GP, Decuypere E and Buyse J 2004. Effects of substitution between fat and protein on feed intake and its regulatory mechanisms in broiler chickens: energy and protein metabolism and diet-induced thermogenesis. Poultry Science 83(12), 1997-2004.<br /><br /><br /><br />T<br /><br /><br /><br />Taouis M, Chen JW, Daviaud C, Dupont J, Derouet M and Simon J 1998. Cloning of the chicken leptin gene. Gene 208, 239-242.<br /><br />Taouis M, Dridi S, Cassy S, Benomar Y, Raver N, Rideau N, Picard M, Williams J and Gertler A 2001. Chicken leptin: properties and actions. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21(4), 319-327.<br /><br />Tashani OA and Leek BF 1994. Mechanoreceptors in the crop of the domestic fowl. Poultry Science 73(5), 744-748.<br /><br />Tesseraud S 2008. Changer la façon d’alimenter les poulets de chair pour réduire les coûts de production, et la dépendance protéique nationale et européenne - Etude du métabolisme musculaire. Rapport d'étude 35p.<br /><br />Thomas M, van Zuilichem DJ and van der Poel AFB 1997. Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 3. Contribution of processes and its conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology 64, 173-192.<br /><br />Turro-Vincent I 1994. Ontogenèse du comportement alimentaire du poussin (Gallus domesticus) dans les conditions de l’élevage intensif. Tours, Université François Rabelais: 205p.<br /><br />Turro I, Porter RH and Picard M 1994. Olfactory cues mediate food selection by young chicks. Physiology &amp; Behavior 55(4), 761-767.<br /><br /><br /><br />V<br /><br /><br /><br />Vilariňo MM 1997. Identification de l'aliment par le jeune poulet de chair (Gallus gallus domesticus). Thèse Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes: 175p.<br /><br /><br /><br />W<br /><br /><br /><br />Wauters AM, Guibert G, Bourdillon A, Richard MA, Melcion JP and Picard M 1997. Choix de particules alimentaires chez le poussin : effet de la taille et de la composition. 2èmes Journées de la Recherche Avicole, Tours, 201-204.<br /><br />Weeks CA, Brooks C, Coe G and Danbury TD 1997. Effect of feed colour on food consumption of young layers and broilers. British Poultry Science 38(Suppl.1 (Abstract)).<br /><br />Weeks CA, Danbury TD, Davies HC, Hunt P and Kestin SC 2000. The behaviour of broiler chickens and its modification by lameness. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67, 111-125.<br /><br />White BD, Porter MH and Martin RJ 2000. Effects of age on the feeding response to moderately low dietary protein in rats. Physiology &amp; Behavior 68(5), 673-681.<br /><br />Woods SC, Seely RJ, Porte DJ and Schwartz MW 1998. Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. Science 280, 1378-1383.<br /><br />Wren AM, Small CJ, Ward HL, Murphy KG, Dakin CL, Taheri S, Kennedy AR, Roberts GH, Morgan DG, Ghatei MA and Bloom SR 2000. The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology 141(11), 4325-4328.<br /><br /><br /><br />Y<br /><br /><br /><br />Yalçin S, Settar P, Ozkan S and Cahaner A 1997a. Comparative evaluation of three commercial broiler stocks in hot versus temperate climates. Poultry Science 76(7), 921-929.<br /><br />Yalçin S, Testik A, Ozkan S, Settar P, Celen F and Cahaner A 1997b. Performance of naked neck and normal broilers in hot, warm, and temperate climates. Poultry Science 76(7), 930-937.<br /><br />Yang SI, Furuse M, Muramatsu T and Okumura J 1989. Enhanced release of cholecystokinin by dietary amino acids in chicks (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology 92(3), 319-322.<br /><br />Yo T 1996. Adaptation comportementale au choix alimentaire du poulet de chair et de la poule pondeuse (Gallus domesticus) en milieu tropical. Sciences Biologiques et Agronomiques. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie de Rennes : 265p.<br /><br />Yo T, Siegel PB, Guerin H and Picard M 1997. Self-selection of dietary protein and energy by broilers grown under a tropical climate: effect of feed particle size on the feed choice. Poultry Science 76(11), 1467-1473.<br /></p><h3>Table des Matières</h3><p>Introduction	10<br /><br />Chapitre 1 : Etude bibliographique - Par quoi est déterminée l’ingestion ?	15<br /><br />A. Le rythme d’ingestion chez les volailles	17<br /><br />B. De
<a href="http://cunt.bodysensualchicks.com/hr/quote/284.html/feed/Body-Sensual-Chicks-Chicks-Body-Sensual-Chicks">qu v Body Sensual Chicks Escorts Service</a>
<a href="http://cunt.bodysensualchicks.com">xi c Body Body Sensual Chicks</a></body></html>